This chapter describes the work of the Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project and the three pillars of deep decarbonization: energy efficiency, decarbonization of electricity, and fuel switching. It also introduces the concepts of Carbon Capture & Sequestration or CCS (capturing waste carbon dioxide and depositing it where it will not enter the atmosphere); stranding (leaving fossil fuels in the ground); and explores back-casting (the emissions state we want to be at in the future, and therefore what it should look like now). Jeffrey Sachs stresses that decarbonization is a long-term process and highlights the importance of new methods for technology transformation to reach zero emissions.
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