This chapter is about global governance and structures to deal with complex global environmental problems. Governance is a set of complex interactions between state and non-state actors at the global level.There are several key trends to look at in global environmental governance, including the increase in international environmental agreements and the involvement of more actors. These have led to fragmentation, segmentation, and decoupled decision making, as well as increasing inter-linkages between environmental agreements creating gridlock. Examples are given dealing with ocean acidification, marine biodiversity, and climate change and the many agreements that address these areas. There is also a pattern of networks and collaborations emerging to address the complexity of the Earth system and the social institutional system.

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