Why are strong, well-drafted legal frameworks not effectively or consistently enforced? This chapter details challenges such as low levels of capacity within government, lack of funds (or prioritization of funds), and hiring and retention of staff. The steps a country can take to improve enforcement of the legal framework include taking into the account the realities of administrative capacity, limiting variation among projects (standardizing as much as possible), and measuring the value of mineral exports or exports as a function of an objective international market price. It also profiles the role that non-governmental actors can play in monitoring legal frameworks.

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