In this chapter, Cristina Villegas gives an introduction to artisanal and small-scale mining. She defines artisanal, or small-scale miners, and the issue of defining artisanal mining in legislation and treaties, who make up a large share of the actual miners in the world but only produce a small part of the world's mining output. She discusses the risks and rewards of small-scale mining and how this type of ASM is generally organized, as well as the different types of mine workers.

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