This chapter examines ocean evolution on long geographic timescales. The oceans are by far the largest ecosystem on earth and they are three dimensional in contrast to the two dimensions on land. About half of the globe is covered by an ocean that is more than 3 kilometers deep in addition to the earth being a blue planet covered by more than 70% of ocean waters. And the three-dimensional space and encompasses a breath-taking 1.35 billion cubic kilometers of water.
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