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Most of marine aquaculture is not sustainable and is actually taking away protein from the human population. Around 1990, the wild capture fisheries leveled off at 95…
Aquaculture and Mariculture
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Marine food web structures differ greatly from those on land; plankton build up organic matter through photosynthesis that is consumed by secondary consumers, tiny…
Marine Food Chains
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This chapter discusses the economic value and ecosystem services of the ocean. The world fisheries and mariculture sector make up multibillion dollar industries, and the…
Marine Ecosystem Change and Services
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This chapter examines two major factors that lead to changes in local species communities - climate change and the human-driven transportation of marine organisms…
Alien Species Migrations and Range Shifts
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Protecting coastal ecosystems means protecting the coasts, and may be effective in fighting sea level rise. Coastlines see the interaction between human population…
Coastal Ecosystems
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Marine life adapts to the extreme and unique conditions deep in the ocean. Of the probably more than one million species in the oceans, at least four-fifths are…
Evolution and Marine Biodiversity
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This chapter presents a positive example of marine management with nutrient management in the Baltic Sea and shows that it is essential to have effective international…
Ecosystem and Nutrient Management
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This chapter examines ocean evolution on long geographic timescales. The oceans are by far the largest ecosystem on earth and they are three dimensional in contrast to…
Ocean Evolution
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This chapter looks at how marine ecosystems reacts to human pressure and the resilience of the system. Nutrient pollution is a problem in marine ecosystems because…
Resilience and Adaptation in the Ocean
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